By T N Pandey
Section 28 of the Income-Tax Act, 1961, taxes income from business or profession after deduction of expenses, as provided in Section 29. These expenses, among others, include expenses on current repairs, insurance and depreciation. Plant has been defined in Section 43(1) in an inclusive way, where there is no mention of 'human body'.
Shanti Bhushan case:
This issue has recently been considered by theDelhi High Court in Shanti Bhushan versusCIT (2011) 199 Taxman 280 (Del). The assessee, an eminent lawyer, incurred expenditure on his heart surgery and claimed such expenditure in his income-tax assessment under Section 31 of the Act as akin to repairs of plant. For 1983-84, he declared professional income of 2,14,050 after claiming deduction of 1,74,000 incurred as expenditure on coronary heart surgery . The surgery considerably improved his health and earning capacity. His income rose from 3.50 lakh in the year of surgery to 106 lakh five years later.
Shanti Bhushan lost his claim up toIncome-Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT). TheITAT rejected the claim by a peculiar reasoning saying that a man cannot stop or regulate the functioning of his heart or use it at will to suit his purpose. Since the functioning of heart is involuntary, it cannot be said to have been 'used' for a specific purpose or activity, except to live and to be alive. Therefore, a professional cannot claim that he uses his heart for the purpose of profession. In the case of the assessee, he sharpens his professional skills not by using his heart but by using his brain.
The reasoning given by the ITAT is far-fetched. If the heart stops functioning, the brain will become dead automatically. Good health and life have to go together and, hence, the whole human body is a plant and cannot be dissected into parts such as brain and heart. To make the brain work, keeping the heart in a healthy condition is imperative and only a novice can say that heart is not like a tool in the plant and machinery of human body.
There is apparently a contradiction in the ITAT reasoning. It tantamounts to saying that only the engine in a car is functional - not other parts - and, hence, depreciation should be allowed only on the value of the engine - not on the value of the entire car. In CIT versus Sibbal Cold Storage (1996) 135 Taxation 576 (MP), it has been said that both operative and supportive structures constitute 'plant', and 'plant' includes within its ambit building in which machines are installed. On this analogy, the brain cannot function unless it is in a sound body.
Delhi High Court decision:
The high court has decided the appeal against Shanti Bhushan. The grounds are:
- General well-being of the heart and its functionality cannot be equated with using heart for engaging in trade and professional activity as expenses on repairs and renewals under Section 31 of the I-T Act.
- Section 31 can be invoked when value of plant and machinery is reflected as an asset in the account books; only then can claim for repairs be made.
- The claim is not admissible under Section 37(1) of the Act as it cannot be said to have been incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the Act.
The high court has argued that if the heart was an asset, then it should have been listed as such in the list of assets (properties) of the appellant. This does not weaken the claim of the appellant because there are assets like self-generated goodwill, patents, etc, which are not in the balance-sheet but become liable to capital gain tax when sold. The tax liability under the Act does not depend on accounting entries is an accepted principle in the income-tax law.
Webster defines the word 'plant' as 'the fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any trade (as also profession) or business'. It is 'the machinery, apparatus or fixtures by which business is carried on'. In Scientific Engineering House (P) Ltd versus CIT, AIR 1986 (SC) 338, the observations of the court are that 'plant' will include any article or object, fixed or movable, live or dead, used by a businessman for carrying on his business and it is not necessarily confined to an apparatus, which is used for mechanical operations or processes or is employed in mechanical or industrial business.
Apparently, it is hard to say that a human body is not plant in the case of businessmen and professionals. It is the basis for earning income and, hence, incurring of expenses in keeping it fit and in working condition is primarily for business or profession. The third ground (supra) given by the high court is equally not convincing. The tremendous rise in income of Shanti Bhushan clearly establishes that the amount was spent wholly and exclusively for the purpose of his profession.
It is time that rigid distinction between personal and business expenses is avoided. This does not imply that all personal expenses be deductible without looking at the nexus of expenses in earning incomes. Each issue has to be decided against the background of facts. Recently, the ITAT, in the case of DCIT versusSalman Khan (2011) 130 ITD 81 (Mum), has decided that the expenses incurred by actor Salman Khan in criminal proceedings arising out of hunting and killing a black deer had nothing to do with his professional activity as an actor and, hence, the expenditure was in the nature of personal expenditure - not deductible against his professional income for income-tax computation. No exception can be taken to such decisions. But not in cases like that of Shanti Bhushan.
Once the concept that human body is a plant is accepted, other expenses such as insurance, costs of body part replacement, depreciation, etc, too will become deductible.
(The author is former chairman ofthe Central Board of Direct Taxes)
Section 28 of the Income-Tax Act, 1961, taxes income from business or profession after deduction of expenses, as provided in Section 29. These expenses, among others, include expenses on current repairs, insurance and depreciation. Plant has been defined in Section 43(1) in an inclusive way, where there is no mention of 'human body'.
Shanti Bhushan case:
This issue has recently been considered by theDelhi High Court in Shanti Bhushan versusCIT (2011) 199 Taxman 280 (Del). The assessee, an eminent lawyer, incurred expenditure on his heart surgery and claimed such expenditure in his income-tax assessment under Section 31 of the Act as akin to repairs of plant. For 1983-84, he declared professional income of 2,14,050 after claiming deduction of 1,74,000 incurred as expenditure on coronary heart surgery . The surgery considerably improved his health and earning capacity. His income rose from 3.50 lakh in the year of surgery to 106 lakh five years later.
Shanti Bhushan lost his claim up toIncome-Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT). TheITAT rejected the claim by a peculiar reasoning saying that a man cannot stop or regulate the functioning of his heart or use it at will to suit his purpose. Since the functioning of heart is involuntary, it cannot be said to have been 'used' for a specific purpose or activity, except to live and to be alive. Therefore, a professional cannot claim that he uses his heart for the purpose of profession. In the case of the assessee, he sharpens his professional skills not by using his heart but by using his brain.
The reasoning given by the ITAT is far-fetched. If the heart stops functioning, the brain will become dead automatically. Good health and life have to go together and, hence, the whole human body is a plant and cannot be dissected into parts such as brain and heart. To make the brain work, keeping the heart in a healthy condition is imperative and only a novice can say that heart is not like a tool in the plant and machinery of human body.
There is apparently a contradiction in the ITAT reasoning. It tantamounts to saying that only the engine in a car is functional - not other parts - and, hence, depreciation should be allowed only on the value of the engine - not on the value of the entire car. In CIT versus Sibbal Cold Storage (1996) 135 Taxation 576 (MP), it has been said that both operative and supportive structures constitute 'plant', and 'plant' includes within its ambit building in which machines are installed. On this analogy, the brain cannot function unless it is in a sound body.
Delhi High Court decision:
The high court has decided the appeal against Shanti Bhushan. The grounds are:
- General well-being of the heart and its functionality cannot be equated with using heart for engaging in trade and professional activity as expenses on repairs and renewals under Section 31 of the I-T Act.
- Section 31 can be invoked when value of plant and machinery is reflected as an asset in the account books; only then can claim for repairs be made.
- The claim is not admissible under Section 37(1) of the Act as it cannot be said to have been incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the Act.
The high court has argued that if the heart was an asset, then it should have been listed as such in the list of assets (properties) of the appellant. This does not weaken the claim of the appellant because there are assets like self-generated goodwill, patents, etc, which are not in the balance-sheet but become liable to capital gain tax when sold. The tax liability under the Act does not depend on accounting entries is an accepted principle in the income-tax law.
Webster defines the word 'plant' as 'the fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any trade (as also profession) or business'. It is 'the machinery, apparatus or fixtures by which business is carried on'. In Scientific Engineering House (P) Ltd versus CIT, AIR 1986 (SC) 338, the observations of the court are that 'plant' will include any article or object, fixed or movable, live or dead, used by a businessman for carrying on his business and it is not necessarily confined to an apparatus, which is used for mechanical operations or processes or is employed in mechanical or industrial business.
Apparently, it is hard to say that a human body is not plant in the case of businessmen and professionals. It is the basis for earning income and, hence, incurring of expenses in keeping it fit and in working condition is primarily for business or profession. The third ground (supra) given by the high court is equally not convincing. The tremendous rise in income of Shanti Bhushan clearly establishes that the amount was spent wholly and exclusively for the purpose of his profession.
It is time that rigid distinction between personal and business expenses is avoided. This does not imply that all personal expenses be deductible without looking at the nexus of expenses in earning incomes. Each issue has to be decided against the background of facts. Recently, the ITAT, in the case of DCIT versusSalman Khan (2011) 130 ITD 81 (Mum), has decided that the expenses incurred by actor Salman Khan in criminal proceedings arising out of hunting and killing a black deer had nothing to do with his professional activity as an actor and, hence, the expenditure was in the nature of personal expenditure - not deductible against his professional income for income-tax computation. No exception can be taken to such decisions. But not in cases like that of Shanti Bhushan.
Once the concept that human body is a plant is accepted, other expenses such as insurance, costs of body part replacement, depreciation, etc, too will become deductible.
(The author is former chairman ofthe Central Board of Direct Taxes)
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