Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Loan Transaction : Sunil Kumar Jha Addl. Commissioner of Income Tax, Central Range, Baroda

When we refer to an entry of loan transaction as `fake loan' received from a `paper company', it invariably means that such entry represents unaccounted money of the person in whose books of account the money has been credited as loan and the lender company is only a conduit for routing the money back to the books of account of that person. However, despite having knowledge of this fact and knowing the techniques and methods used by the assessees for this purpose, it remains a huge challenge for the tax authorities to bring all material facts and evidences on record so as to prove which in his opinion is a fact beyond doubt.

2. In an economy where unaccounted income is a big menace, there are always efforts made by the tax evaders to bring their unaccounted income back to their books of account without paying any tax on the same. Numerous methods and techniques are used for this purpose and there are lots of techniques that authorities know about and probably countless others that have yet to be uncovered. Routing the unaccounted income back to the books of account disguised as loan or share capital is one of such methods widely used by the tax evaders in our country. The method is most prevalent and perhaps also one of the most organized one to bring the unaccounted money back to the books of account and even the established business houses resort to this method to bring their unaccounted money back to their business without paying any tax on the same.

The process to bring the money back in this manner is commonly known in business parlance as Jamakharchi entries or accommodation entries. This is a well organized racket controlled and conducted by persons known as entry providers. Kolkata is undoubtedly the Mecca of such operations liberally providing entries to business concerns all over the country but other business hubs such as Mumbai and Delhi are also not far behind in having organized rackets for providing accommodation entries to the willing tax evaders. Although, there is no uniformity of methodology or approach, or certainty of estimation of unaccounted income being brought back in the books of accounts in this manner, the magnitude of the same, without any doubt, is significant and huge.

2.1 The method of providing accommodation entry entails breaking up large amounts of money into smaller, less-suspicious amounts. In India, this smaller amount has to be below Rs. 50,000/- as deposit of cash below this amount does not require providing PAN of the depositors. The money is then deposited into one or more bank accounts either by multiple people or by a single person over an extended period of time. Also, even larger amounts are deposited in the banks with PAN numbers of individuals who are mostly illiterate and work for these entry operators for small salary or commission. The money is then routed through paper companies controlled by these operators. These companies are incorporated by taking care of all formalities such as registering with ROC but having only postal addresses with no real office or employees. The directors of such companies are again individuals who are mostly illiterate or semiliterate and work for the entry operators for small salaries or commission. At first sight, most of these companies would pass of as finance, investment or technology companies. But as the entry operators would secretly admit, these are only paper companies used to route the unaccounted income and, at the same time, clean hoards of unaccounted income for their clients. These companies used for routing the unaccounted money are basically fake companies that exist for no other reason than to `layer' the entries or pass it on to the beneficiary as loan or share capital. They take in unaccounted money as "loan or share capital" and pass it on to either another such paper company for `layering' of the transaction or directly to the beneficiary as loan or share capital. They simply create the appearance of legitimate transactions through fake entries of loans or share capital in their books of account. As has been exposed from time to time through search and seizure operations by the department, such entry operators controls hundreds of bank accounts for depositing cash and hundreds of companies for routing the entries. Limited resource and infrastructure of the Registrar of Companies (ROC) perhaps makes it easier for them to incorporate large number of such paper companies without any difficulty. The process, prima facie, may appear very simple but it is extremely difficult to expose the whole chain of money deposited and `layers' through which it is routed back to the beneficiary. The biggest problem is that there is no effective deterrence to curb the activities of these entry operators. Even conducting search and seizure operations against them have not really worked as a deterrence and such operations often ended up in disclosure of `unaccounted commission income' of these entry operators which definitely could not be the purpose of conducting search and seizure operations against these operators.

2.2 In USA, in 1996, Harvard-educated economist Franklin Jurado went to prison for cleaning $36 million for Colombian drug lord Jose Santacruz-Londono. Even in India, people with a whole lot of unaccounted income typically hire such `financial experts' to handle the process to bring the money back to books of account without paying tax on the same. It's complex by necessity. The whole idea is to make it impossible for Income-tax authorities to trace the unaccounted money and it's source during the process of bringing it back to the books of account of the assessee. However, we do not have such provisions in Income-tax Act 1961 to put such operators behind bars. Hence, the solution at the moment is to handle the individual cases of such entries routed back through paper companies at the time of assessment in the purview of available provisions of Income- tax Act and judicial pronouncements in respect of the same.

3. Recourse under Section 68 of the Income-tax Act 1961:
The recourse available for the assessing officers to tackle the individual cases of such fake loans brought back in the books of account as cash credit is within the meaning of Section 68 of the Income-tax Act 1961. The provision relating to cash credit, as in Section 68, was provided for the first time in the Income Tax Act 1961 (Act No.43 of 1961) as there was no corresponding provision in the Income Tax Act, 1922. It would be pertinent to note that Section 68 is a new section in comparisons with the provision of the Income Tax Act, 1922 and it is a culmination of a series of judicial pronouncements under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1922.

3.1 For the purpose of better comprehension, the Section 68 may be divided as below:
(1) Where any sum is found credited in the books of an assessee;
(2) Maintained for any previous year; and
(3) Assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source thereof; or
(4) The explanation offered by him, is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory;
(5) The sum so credited may be charged to Income tax;
(6) As the income of the assessee, of that previous year.

The initial catchphrase of the section is " Where any sum is found credited in the books of account of the assessee" meaning thereby that Section 68 is attracted where an entry relating to a sum is found to have been credited in the books of the assessee, which thus implies, existence of books and recording of a sum which the Assessing Officer considers as doubtful. Perusal of Section 68 would show that in relation to the expression `books', the emphasis is on the word `assessee'. In other words, such books have to be the books of the assessee himself and not of any other person and books of account of even a firm in which the assessee is a partner cannot be considered as the books of the assessee as held in the case of Smt. Shanta Devi v. CIT [1988] 171 ITR 532 (Punj. & Har.).
On this issue, it would also be pertinent to refer to another recent decision by Hon. Indore Bench of ITAT in case of Agrawal Coal Corpn. (P.) Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT 63 DTR 201. In this case it was held by the Tribunal that merely because the companies were registered with ROC, were filling return of income, having PANs/bank accounts, share application forms were submitted but the same did not establish their identity as these companies might have been existing on papers or in real sense at the time of registration but were specifically found to be non-existent. Further, assessee even failed to produce the director or employees of these share applicants and, thus, addition under Section 68 made in the hands of assessee was sustainable.
In CIT vs. Frostair (P.) Ltd. [2012] 26 taxmann. com 11 (Delhi), it was held that the assessee was under a burden to explain nature and source of share application money received in a given case and he had to establish shareholder's identity; genuineness of transaction; and creditworthiness of shareholders. On being informed that assessee had accepted share capital from some companies which were engaged in providing bogus entries, in form of loan and share application money, Assessing Officer asked for details under Section 142 of the Act. Assessee submitted a list of 18 shareholders from which Assessing Officer discerned that PAN/GIR No. of shareholders was not correct, they were not available at addresses given and they were not filing their ITRs with concerned officers. It was held by the Hon. High Court that since Assessing Officer had examined all facts in exhaustive manner, addition under Section 68 and, consequently initiation of penalty proceedings were justified.
Another recent decision by Hon. Allahabad High Court dated July 30, 2012 in the case of CIT vs.Hindon Forge (P.) Ltd. [2012] 25 taxmann. com 239 (All.), may also be referred to on this issue. In this case the Assessee-company had taken unsecured loans from eight different trusts. One `R' was common managing trustee of all these trusts. He was also managing director of assessee-company and other directors were his close relatives. `R' did not produce trust deeds, its objects, and beneficiaries of trusts to establish that there were beneficiaries other than him and his associates. Trusts were receiving cash donations, which were transferred on same day to assessee by way of cheques. Assessee did not prove that trusts had any other sources of fund or that they had given credits to any other person or company. In the given facts it was held that the method and manner adopted by assessee clearly established that he was playing a fraud with revenue and, since genuineness of transactions were not established at all, there was no question of shifting burden under Section 68 on revenue and, therefore, addition of unsecured loans to income of assessee was justified. It is important to note that the decision of Hon. Gujarat High Court in the case of Dy. CIT v. Rohini Builders (supra) was also referred to in this decision.
There is another recent and significant decision dated 15th February 2012 in the case of Commissioner of Income-tax vs. Nova Promoters & Finlease (P) Ltd. [2012] 18 taxmann.com 217 (Delhi) which is of immense relevance, as in this case important observations have been made by the Hon. Delhi High Court as to the burden of proof and shifting of onus in the cases of cash credit under Section 68 of the Act. In this case, the assessee filed its return declaring loss for relevant assessment year which is Assessment Year 2000-01. Subsequently, Assessing Officer received information from the Investigation Wing that assessee had obtained accommodation entries in garb of share application monies. In order to examine genuineness and creditworthiness of companies which gave entries to the assessee, Assessing Officer issued summons to two persons namely, `M' and `R' who did not appear before him. Subsequently, assessee filed a letter with Assessing Officer along with affidavits of `M' and `R' in which both of them had stated that transactions with assessee were genuine and earlier statements recorded from them by the Investigation Wing were given under pressure. The Assessing Officer, however, did not accept those affidavits and made certain additions to the income of the assessee under Section 68. But, Hon.Tribunal, taking a view that there was no dispute about identity of shareholders namely `M' and `R', deleted addition made by the Assessing Officer. On revenue's appeal, it was noted by the Hon. High Court that both `M' and `R' had admitted before Additional Director (Investigation) that they were acting as accommodation entry providers. They had also given a list of 22 companies in which they were operating accounts. It was also apparent that out of 22 companies whose names figured in information given by them to the Investigation Wing, 15 companies had provided so-called `share subscription monies' to the assessee. It was held by the Hon. High Court that on facts, there was specific involvement of assessee-company in modus operandi followed by `M' and `R' and, therefore, impugned order passed by Tribunal deleting addition was to be set aside. It was held by the Hon. High Court that "the ratio of a decision is to be understood and appreciated in the background of the facts of that case. So understood, it will be seen that where the complete particulars of the share applicants such as their names and addresses, income tax file numbers, their creditworthiness, share application forms and share holders' register, share transfer register etc. are furnished to the Assessing Officer and the Assessing Officer has not conducted any enquiry into the same or has no material in his possession to show that those particulars are false and cannot be acted upon, then no addition can be made in the hands of the company under Section 68 and the remedy open to the revenue is to go after the share applicants in accordance with law. We are afraid that we cannot apply the ratio to a case, such as the present one, where the Assessing Officer is in possession of material that discredits and impeaches the particulars furnished by the assessee and also establishes the link between self-confessed "accommodation entry providers", whose business it is to help assessees bring into their books of account their unaccounted monies through the medium of share subscription, and the assessee. The ratio is inapplicable to a case, again such as the present one, where the involvement of the assessee in such modus operandi is clearly indicated by valid material made available to the Assessing Officer as a result of investigations carried out by the revenue authorities into the activities of such "entry providers". The existence with the Assessing Officer of material showing that the share subscriptions were collected as part of a pre-meditated plan – a smokescreen – conceived and executed with the connivance or involvement of the assessee excludes the applicability of the ratio. In our understanding, the ratio is attracted to a case where it is a simple question of whether the assessee has discharged the burden placed upon him under Section 68 to prove and establish the identity and creditworthiness of the share applicant and the genuineness of the transaction. In such a case, the Assessing Officer cannot sit back with folded hands till the assessee exhausts all the evidence or material in his possession and then come forward to merely reject the same, without carrying out any verification or enquiry into the material placed before him. The case before us does not fall under this category and it would be a travesty of truth and justice to express a view to the contrary.
Reference was also made on behalf of the assessee to the recent judgment of a Division Bench of this court in CIT v. Oasis Hospitalities Private Limited, (2011) 333 ITR 119. We have given utmost consideration to the judgment. It disposes of several appeals in the case of different assessees. These quoted observations clearly distinguish the present case from CIT v Oasis Hospitalities P Ltd. (supra). Except for discussing the modus operandi of the entry operators generally, the Assessing Officer in that case had not shown whether any link between them and the assessee existed. No enquiry had been made in this regard. Further, the assessee had not been confronted with the material collected by the investigation wing or was given an opportunity to cross examine the persons whose statements were recorded by the investigation wing.
In the case before us, not only did the material before the Assessing Officer show the link between the entry providers and the assessee-company, but the Assessing Officer had also provided the statements of Mukesh Gupta and Rajan Jassal to the assessee in compliance with the rules of natural justice. Out of the 22 companies whose names figured in the information given by them to the investigation wing, 15 companies had provided the so-called "share subscription monies" to the assessee.
In the light of the above discussion, we are unable to uphold the order of the Tribunal confirming the deletion of the addition of Rs.1,18,50,000 made under Section 68 of the Act as well as the consequential addition of Rs.2,96,250."
Another decision of Hon. Delhi High Court, which is most recent dated 21st December 2012 in the case of CIT vs. N R Portfolios Pvt. Ltd. in ITA Nos. 134/2012 could be of utmost help for the assessing officers dealing with the challenges of exposing accommodation entries and bringing it to tax under Section 68 of the Act. In this case, the assessee, a company, received Rs. 35 lakhs towards share allotment. As the shareholders did not respond to summons, the AO assessed the said sum as an unexplained credit under Section 68. On appeal, the CIT(A) and Tribunal relied on Lovely Exports 216 CTR 195 (Del) & Divine Leasing 299 ITR 268 (SC), held that as the assessee had furnished the PAN, bank details and other particulars of the share applicants, it had discharged the onus of proving the identity and credit-worthiness of the investors and that the transactions were not bogus. It was also held that the AO ought to have made enquiries to establish that the investors had given accommodation entries to the assessee and that the money received from them was the assessee's own undisclosed income. On appeal by the department the Hon. High Court, held reversing the decision of Ld.CIT(A) & Hon. Tribunal that:

Though in previous decisions (Lovely Exports) it was held that the assessee cannot be faulted if the share applicants do not respond to summons and that the Revenue authorities have the wherewithal to compel anyone to attend legal proceedings, this is merely one aspect. An assessee's duty to establish the source of the funds does not cease by merely furnishing the names, addresses and PAN particulars, or relying on entries in the Registrar of Companies webs ite. The company is usually a private one and the share applicants are known to it since the shares are issued on private placement basis. If the assessee has access to the share applicant's PAN or bank account statement, the relationship is closer than arm's length. Its request to such concerns to participate in income tax proceedings, would, from a pragmatic perspective, be quite strong. Also, the concept of "shifting onus" does not mean that once certain facts are provided, the assessee's duties are over. If on verification, the AO cannot contact the share applicants, or the information becomes unverifiable, the onus shifts back to the assessee. At that stage, if it falters, the consequence may well be an addition underSection 68 (A. Govindarajulu Mudaliar 34 ITR 807 followed).

Another decision of utmost relevance is of Hon. ITAT Indore Bench in the case of Vaibhav Cotton (P.) Ltd. vs. Income-tax Officer, 4(4) Indore, [2012] 26 taxmann.com 352 (Indore.) In this case the assessee company had shown in its balance sheet certain amount representing share capital received from a Kolkata based company and some other individual investors. Face value of shares was Rs. 10 and those shares were issued at a premium of Rs. 90 per share. Next year, promoters/directors of assessee-company purchased those shares back at a discount of 90 per cent. In order to ascertain genuineness of share transactions, Assessing Officer issued notices to Kolkata based company and other alleged shareholders which were returned by postal authorities with a remark `left'. He also visited respective banks through which money was routed by these investors and found that cash was deposited immediately prior to issue of cheque to assessee and accounts of those companies were closed immediately after transfer of funds. Assessing Officer thus taking a view that share transactions were not genuine, added amount in question to assessee's taxable which was upheld by the Hon. Tribunal.

4. It is not necessary to establish that the money came back to the books of the assessee as `entry' actually emanated from his coffers :

While dealing with doubtful cash credits, is it necessary for the assessing officer to establish that the money came back to the books of the assessee as `entry' actually emanated from the coffers of the assessee? This issue has been decided by the Hon'ble Delhi High Court in a recent decision dated 20.07.2012 in the case of Commissioner of Income-tax vs Independent Media (P.) Ltd.210 TAXMANN 14(Delhi)(2012), which is significant as the observation made by the Hon. Court in this decision would be a great help in establishing the cases where `entries' have been taken from paper companies. In this case it was alleged by the Investigation wing that the assessee-company received share capital from those persons who had given statements before Investigation wing that they were entry providers giving accommodation entries after receiving cash and after charging their commission. Assessee furnished PAN of subscriber-companies, share application forms, board resolutions, copy of bank statement, pay orders, confirmation from subscribers, their income-tax returns, copies of their balance sheets, etc. However it was held by the Hon. Court that if explanation adduced by assessee with regard to identity and creditworthiness of subscriber-companies and genuineness of transactions was not acceptable for valid reasons, Assessing Officer could make addition under Section 68 and for that purpose he would not be under any duty to further show or establish that monies emanated from coffers of assessee-company. The Hon. Court further observed that "We are unable to uphold the view of the Tribunal that it is incumbent upon the Assessing Officer, on the facts and circumstances of the case, to establish with the help of material on record that the share monies had come or emanated from the assessee's coffers. Section 68 of the Act casts no such burden upon the Assessing Officer. This aspect has been considered more than 50 years back by the Supreme Court in the case of A Govindarajulu Mudaliar v.CIT [1958] 34 ITR 807 where precisely the same argument was advanced before the Supreme Court on behalf of assessee. The argument was rejected by the Court."

4.1 The Hon'ble Court further referred that in the above case, Shri Venkatarama Iyer, J. speaking for the Court observed as under: -

"Now the contention of the appellant is that assuming that he had failed to establish the case put forward by him, it does not follow as a matter of law that the amounts in question were income received or accrued during the previous year, that it was the duty of the Department to adduce evidence to show from what source the income was derived and why it should be treated as concealed income. In the absence of such evidence, it is argued, the finding is erroneous. We are unable to agree. Whether a receipt is to be treated as income or not, must depend very largely on the facts and circumstances of each case. In the present case the receipts are shown in the account books of a firm of which the appellant and Govindaswamy Mudaliar were partners. When he was called upon to give explanation he put forward two explanations, one being a gift of Rs. 80,000/- and the other being receipt of Rs. 42,000/- from business of which he claimed to be the real owner. When both these explanations were rejected, as they have been it was clearly upon to the Income-tax Officer to hold that the income must be concealed income. There is ample authority for the position that where an assessee fails to prove satisfactorily the source and nature of certain amount of cash received during the accounting year, the Income-tax Officer is entitled to draw the inference that the receipt are of an assessable nature. The conclusion to which the Appellate Tribunal came appears to us to be amply warranted by the facts of the case. There is no ground for interfering with that finding, and these appeals are accordingly dismissed with costs."
5. Responsibility towards source of source :

In ordinary circumstances, assessee's burden is confined to prove creditworthiness of creditor with reference to transaction between assessee and creditor. It was so held in Nemi Chand Kothari v. CIT [2004] 136 Taxman 213 (Gau.),that a harmonious construction of Section 106 of the Evidence Act and Section 68 of the Income-tax Act will be that though apart from establishing the identity of the creditor, the assessee must establish the genuineness of the transaction as well as the creditworthiness of his creditor, the burden of the assessee to prove the genuineness of the transactions as well as the creditworthiness of the creditor must remain confined to the transactions, which have taken place between the assessee and the creditor. What follows, as a corollary, is that it is not the burden of the assessee to prove the genuineness of the transactions between his creditor and sub-creditors nor is it the burden of the assessee to prove that the sub-creditor had the creditworthiness to advance the cash credit to the creditor from whom the cash credit has been, eventually, received by the assessee. It is not the business of the assessee to find out the source of money of his creditor or of the genuineness of the transaction, which took place between the creditor and sub-creditor and/or creditworthiness of the sub-creditors, since, these aspects may not be within the special knowledge of the assessee.

5.1 However, on this issue, it is important to keep in mind that it may not be the responsibility of the assessee to prove source of source but nothing precludes the assessing officer to make enquiry in respect of the source of the source as well to establish that both the source and it's source are part of a larger chain of `paper companies' engaged in the business of providing accommodation entries to the willing tax evaders. Once a valid presumption is raised by way of an enquiry about the genuineness of transaction between the source and it's source the same could be used as an evidence to doubt the integrity of the source of the assessee and to raise a valid presumption about the transaction between the assessee and it's source being not genuine.

6. Test of human probability :
As has been discussed earlier, the issue of shifting of onus in the cases of cash credit is a complex one and each case has to be examined in it's own facts and circumstances. Hence, in the cases of `fake loan' from `paper companies' the theory of preponderance of human probability as pronounced by the Hon. Apex Court in the cases of CIT v. Durga Prasad More [1971] 82 ITR 540 and Sumati Dayal v. CIT [1995] 80 Taxman 89/214 ITR 801 (SC) is of utmost importance. In the cases where it has been established that the source company is a mere `paper company' solely engaged in the activity of providing accommodation entries, the presumption on the basis of human probability may be referred to by the assessing officers to fortify their findings.

6.1 Hon. Supreme Court in CIT v. Durga Prasad More [1971] 82 ITR 540 , at pages 545-547 made a reference to the test of human probabilities in the following fact situation : –
"… Now we shall proceed to examine the validity of those grounds that appealed to the learned judges. It is true that an apparent must be considered real until it is shown that there are reasons to believe that the apparent is not the real. In a case of the present kind a party who relies on a recital in a deed has to establish the truth of those recitals, otherwise it will be very easy to make self-serving statements in documents either executed or taken by a party and rely on those recitals. If all that an assessee who wants to evade tax is to have some recitals made in a document either executed by him or executed in his favour then the door will be left wide-open to evade tax. A little probing was sufficient in the present case to show that the apparent was not the real. The taxing authorities were not required to put on blinkers while looking at the documents produced before them. They were entitled to look into the surrounding circumstances to find out the reality of the recitals made in those documents.
Now, coming to the question of onus, the law does not prescribe any quantitative test to find out whether the onus in a particular case has been discharged or not. It all depends on the facts and circumstances of each case. In some cases, the onus may be heavy whereas, in others, it may be nominal. There is nothing rigid about it. Herein the assessee was receiving some income. He says that it is not his income but his wife's income. His wife is supposed to have had two lakhs of rupees neither deposited in banks nor advanced to others but safely kept in her father's safe. Assessee is unable to say from what source she built-up that amount. Two lakhs before the year 1940 was undoubtedly a big sum. It was said that the said amount was just left in the hands of the father-in-law of the assessee. The Tribunal disbelieved the story, which is, prima facie, a fantastic story. It is a story that does not accord with human probabilities. It is strange that the High Court found fault with the Tribunal for not swallowing that story. If that story is found to be unbelievable as the Tribunal has found, and in our opinion rightly, then the position remains that the consideration for the sale proceeded from the assessee and, therefore, it must be assumed to be his money.

It is surprising that the High Court has found fault with the Income-tax Officer for not examining the wife and the father-in-law of the assessee for proving the department's case. All that we can say is that the High Court has ignored the facts of life. It is unfortunate that the High Court has taken a superficial view of the onus that lay on the department.
`…Science has not yet invented any instrument to test the reliability of the evidence placed before a Court or Tribunal. Therefore, the Courts and Tribunals have to judge the evidence before them by applying the test of human probabilities. Human minds may differ as to the reliability of a piece of evidence. But, in that sphere, the decision of the final fact-finding authority is made conclusive by law." (p. 545)
6.2 The test of human probabilities has been emphasized in yet another decision of the Hon. Supreme Court in the case of Sumati Dayal v. CIT [1995] 80 Taxman 89/214 ITR 801 (SC). It was held in this case that in view of Section 68, where any sum is found credited in the books of the assessee for any previous year, the same may be charged to income-tax as the income of the assessee of the previous year if the explanation offered by the assessee about the nature and source thereof, is, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, not satisfactory. In such case there is prima facie evidence against the assessee, viz., the receipt of money, and if he fails to rebut the same, the said evidence being unrebutted can be used against him by holding that it is a receipt of an income nature. While considering the explanation of the assessee, the department cannot, however, act unreasonable.

6.3 Why this decision is so important while dealing with cases of `fake loan' from `paper companies', because it acknowledges that what is apparent may not be real and test of human probabilities has to be applied to understand if the apparent is real and if the transaction fails to withstand the test of human probabilities it has to be taken as an in-genuine transaction even if documentary evidences suggest otherwise. In this case, the assessee, a dealer in art pieces, had shown income from horse-race winnings in two consecutive accounting years. The assessing officer did not accept this and made addition under Section 68 which was confirmed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. Thereafter the assessee approached the Settlement Commission. The Settlement Commission also took the view that the claim of winnings in races was false and what were passed off as such winnings really represented the appellants taxable income from some undisclosed sources. Hon. Supreme Court also agreed with the Settlement Commission saying that after considering the surrounding circumstances and applying the test of human probabilities the Commission had rightly concluded that the assessee's claim about the amount being her winnings from races was not genuine.

6.4 The test of human probability often comes to the help of the revenue to track unaccounted income. This could be a great help in exposing the `fake loans' from `paper companies' as well. In one of its special kinds, the test of human probability made an assessee pay huge amount of tax in Som Nath Maini v. CIT [2008] 306 ITR 414 (Punj. & Har.). In this case, the assessee in his return declared loss from sale of gold jewellery and also declared a short-term capital gain from sale of shares so that the two almost match each other. This simple tax planning became ineffective after the Assessing Officer disbelieved the astronomical share price increase applying the test of human probability. The Assessing Officer observed that short-term capital gains were not genuine in as much as the assessee had purchased 45000 shares of Ankur International Ltd. at varying rates from Rs. 2.06 to Rs. 3.1 per share and sold them within a short span of six-seven months at the rate varying from Rs. 47.75 paisa to Rs. 55. Even though the two respective transactions for purchase and sale of shares were routed through two different brokers, yet the Assessing Officer did not believe the astronomical rise in share price of a company from Rs. 3 to Rs. 55 in a short-term.The assessee lost its case before the Tribunal. Confirming the order of the Tribunal, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the burden of proving that income is subject to tax is on the revenue but, on the facts, to show that the transaction is genuine, burden is primarily on the assessee. As per the Court, the Assessing Officer is to apply the test of human probabilities for deciding genuineness or otherwise of a particular transaction. Mere leading of the evidence that the transaction was genuine, cannot be conclusive. Any such evidence is required to be assessed by the Assessing Officer in a reasonable way. Genuineness of the transaction can be rejected in case the assessee leads evidence which is not trustworthy, and the department does not lead any evidence on such an issue.

7. Responsibility of the Assessing Officer :
There is no denying to the fact that in the case of cash credit the primary onus is on the assessee and where the assessee fails to discharge such onus the Assessing Officer is well within his jurisdiction to treat the cash credit as income of the assessee within the meaning of Section 68 of the Act. However, the balance of burden in the case of cash credits is delicate and complex and unless and until the Assessing Officer shows his intention to make enquiry to examine the truth, the additions made under Section 68 in the cases of `fake loan' from `paper companies' would not get affirmation of the appellate authorities. In the cases of loans from `paper companies', additions are often made by the Assessing Officers by highlighting the defects in the submission of the assessee without making further enquiries which does not help the case of revenue as merely highlighting defects in the submission of the assessee without making any further enquiry would in most cases be not accepted as sufficient to reach a conclusion that entry of such loan represents income of the assessee.
Some example of the same is given below for illustration:
1. The assessee has provided name, address and PAN of the creditor but did not provide confirmations from him.
2. Confirmatory letters from the creditors were filed but the creditors were not produced for examination.
3. Summons issued under Section 131 to the creditors but they did not respond to the summons.
4. The letters sent to the creditors at the given address returned unserved with comment "not found" or "inadequate address".
5. The confirmation of the creditor was filed but his bank statement was not produced or his credit worthiness have not been established.

7.1 It must be kept in mind that such instances could be the circumstances to have a valid doubt as to the genuineness of the loan but these alone would not be sufficient to have a valid presumption as to the fact that the cash credit represents income of the assessee. Under Section 68 of the Act, the Assessing Officer has jurisdiction to make enquiries with regard to the nature and source of the sums credited in the books of account of the assessee and it is immaterial as to whether the amount so credited is given the colour of a loan or share application money or sale proceeds. The use of the words "any sum credited in the books" in Section 68 indicates that the section is very widely worded and the Assessing Officer is not precluded from making an enquiry as to the true nature and source of the sum credited in the accounts even if it is credited as loan from another company. The Assessing Officer would be entitled, and it would indeed be his duty to enquire whether the alleged creditors do in fact exist or not and whether the loan shown in the garb of a credit from a company is nothing but an accommodation entry routed through a paper company solely existing for the purpose of providing such accommodation entries. Although, given in the context of share application money, the decision of Hon. Delhi High Court in the case of CIT vs. Sofia Finance Ltd. 205 ITR 98 (full bench) is extremely significant where explaining and rather over ruling some observations of the division bench in Steller Investment case which has been confirmed by the Hon. Supreme Court in 164 CTR 287 in a one line decision stating that no question of law arose in such a case. The full bench observed as under :
"what is clear, however, is that Section 68 clearly permits an ITO to make enquires with regard to the nature and source of any of all the sums credited in the books of account of the company irrespective of the name and cloture or the source indicated by the assessee. In other words, the truthfulness of the assertion of the assessee regarding the nature and the source of the credit in his books of account can be gone into by the ITO. In the case of Steller Investments Ltd., the ITO had accepted the entries subscribed share capital. Section 68 of the Act was not referred to and the observations in the said judgement cannot mean that the ITO cannot or should not go into the position as to whether the alleged share holder actually existed or not. If share holders are identified and it is established that they have invested money in the purchase of shares then the amount received by the company would be regard as capital receipts and to that extent the observations in the case of Steller Investment Ltd. are correct, but if, on the other hand, the assessee offers new explanation at all or explanation offered is not satisfactory then, the provision of Section 68 may be invoked."
7.2 It is, therefore, imperative on the part of the Assessing Officer to make enquires as to the nature and source of cash credits and bring evidence on record to expose the fact that the loan is a fake one representing an accommodation entry from a paper company. Although, the nature and extent of enquiry has to be case- specific so as to raise a valid presumption to treat the loan as income of the assessee. However, in the case of accommodation entries received through paper companies the Assessing Officer can easily bring certain facts on record to highlight that the loan received actually represents an accommodation entry. It could be proved that the company providing loan exists only on paper, it has no employees, the address given is only a postal address and the company does not have any physical set up at the given address, the same address is used as postal address for multiple companies indulging in to the same activity of providing accommodation entries. It could also possibly be proved that the directors of the companies are non- existent or even if they exist, they are illiterate or semi illiterate individuals who do not have competence or credibility to operate any investment company. Examining the directors on oath under Section 131 could also be a way to carry the enquiry further so as to prove that they may be acting on behalf of some other person for petty amounts received as salary or commission. It could also be proved that the company is receiving huge amount as loan and giving the same to other concerns without any apparent motive of conducting any actual business and the directors of the company are not even aware of such huge transactions made by the company for, considering the doctrine of business purposes, the company should have a reason, other than avoidance of taxes, for undertaking such transactions. Necessary enquiries may also be made from the bank to examine the bank account of the creditor and also to examine the person who has introduced such bank accounts. In some of the cases, It may have been held that the assessee do not have responsibilities to prove the source of the source, but nothing precludes the Assessing Officer to examine even the source of the source as a process of enquiry to bring the truth on record that these companies work in a chain as conduit to provide accommodation entries which does not represent any genuine transactions.

7.3 As discussed earlier, in number of decisions the efforts of the Assessing Officers have been acknowledged and applauded by the appellate authorities where enquires have been made and additional information and evidences have been brought on record to raise a valid presumption as to the cash credit being income of the assessee. It is, therefore, required that the Assessing Officers properly analyse the individual cases before them and, instead of solely depending on the submissions of the assessee and highlighting the deficiency of the same, conduct independent enquiry and bring additional facts and evidences on record to raise a valid presumption, in favour of accommodation entry representing income of the assessee, which could sustain the test of appeal.
—————
Author
Sunil Kumar Jha
Addl. Commissioner of Income Tax, Central Range, Baroda

Tuesday, July 23, 2013

ITR (TRIB) Volume 17 : Part 4 (Issue dated : 30-07-2012) SUBJECT INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

ITR'S TRIBUNAL TAX REPORTS (ITR (TRIB))
Volume 17 : Part 4 (Issue dated : 30-07-2012)

SUBJECT INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Appeal --Additional evidence--Commissioner (Appeals) admitting new evidence after considering facts and circumstances of case in entirety and validly--Justified--Income-tax Rules, 1962, r. 46A-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

Business expenditure --Capital or revenue expenditure--Assessee running tutorial institution--Purchase of books for use by students for professional entrance examinations--Is capital expenditure--Depreciation to be allowed at 60 per cent.--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 32, 37-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

----Cost of books and awards--Assessee failing to produce vouchers of purchase of books--Expenditure to be disallowed--Assessee to furnish details regarding expenditure on awards--Matter remanded--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

----Demurrage charges paid to railways--Assessee furnishing certificate regarding nature of demurrage--Deduction allowable--Income-tax Act, 1961-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

----Disallowance--Payments in cash exceeding specified limit--Finding that single transactions made to appear as multiple transactions--Payments to be disallowed--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 40A(3)-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

----Interest on borrowed capital--Interest-free advances--Direction to disallow interest at same rate charged by bank from assessee--Justified--Income-
tax Act, 1961-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

Business income --Remission or cessation of trading liability--Addition--Unclaimed liabilities--No record of any remission or cessation of trading liability--Addition to be deleted--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 41(1)-- Dy. CIT v. Bax Global India P. Ltd. (Delhi) . . . 414

Capital gains --Computation--Sale of land--Valuation by stamp valuation authority applied--Fair market value lower than value adopted by stamp duty authority--Direction to adopt fair market value--Justified--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 50C-- ITO v. Gita Roy (Kolkata) . . . 431

Cash credits --Assessee producing details and creditor confirming loan granted to assessee--Addition to be deleted--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 68-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

Company --Dividend--Deemed dividend--Advance to shareholder--Advance to company in which shareholder had substantial interest--Section 2(22)(e) not applicable--Amount not assessable as deemed dividend--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 2(22)(e)-- Asst. CIT v. Color Crafts P. Ltd. (Chandigarh) . . . 419

Depreciation --Assets given on financial lease--Assessing Officer to determine nature of lease--Different yardstick cannot be adopted for allowing depreciation and taxing lease rent--Matter remanded--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 32-- Dy. CIT v. Bax Global India P. Ltd. (Delhi) . . . 414

Double taxation avoidance --Non-resident--Permanent establishment--Exact period of continuation of activities in India to be ascertained--Matter remanded--Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and Mauritius, art. 5(1), (2)(i)-- GIL Mauritius Holdings Ltd. v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Delhi) . . . 491

Income --Business income--Remission of liability--Bank--Amount transferred from inter-branch transaction blocked accounts to reserves through profit and loss account--Transfer permitted by Reserve Bank of India subject to conditions that claim in respect of entries should be honoured and amount should not be used for declaration of dividends--Amount not of revenue nature to begin with--Amount not assessable under section 41(1)--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 41(1)-- Punjab National Bank v. Addl. CIT (Delhi) . . . 462

Income from undisclosed sources --Unexplained sales and expenditure--Addition based on statement of director recorded by Central excise authorities--Addition not supported by evidence--Additions not valid--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Asst. CIT v. A. K. Alloys P. Ltd. (Chandigarh) . . . 424

Interpretation of taxing statutes --Interpretation beneficial to assessee--Principle applicable to non-residents-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Solid Works Corporation (Mumbai) . . . 510

Loss --Set off--Loss on share transactions--Actual delivery received by agent of assessee--Loss not speculation loss--Commissioner (Appeals) allowing set off of loss against other heads of income--Justified--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 43(5)-- Dy. CIT v. Dr. S. Thilagavathy (Chennai) . . . 506

Non-resident --Income deemed to accrue or arise in India--Double taxation avoidance--Assessee providing various hotel related services to hotels across the world--Assessee having no permanent establishment in India--Payments received not royalty or fees for technical services--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 9(1)(vii), Explanation 2 --Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and the U. S. A, art. 7-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Sheraton International Inc. (Delhi) . . . 457

----Royalty--Payment from re-sellers on sale of shrink wrap software--Not royalty but business income--Non-resident not having permanent establishment in India--Income not assessable in India--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 9--Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and the U. S. A., art. 12(3)-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Solid Works Corporation (Mumbai) . . . 510

Revision --Powers of Commissioner--No tax effect--Order cannot be revised--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 263-- Punjab Wool Syndicate v. ITO (Chandigarh) . . . 439

Unexplained income --Unexplained credit entries in capital account--Assessee furnishing details of remittance--Addition to be deleted--Income-tax Act, 1961-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

SECTIONWISE INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and Mauritius :

Art. 5(1), (2)(i) --Double taxation avoidance--Non-resident--Permanent establishment--Exact period of continuation of activities in India to be ascertained--Matter remanded-- GIL Mauritius Holdings Ltd. v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Delhi) . . . 491

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and the U. S. A :

Art. 7 --Non-resident--Income deemed to accrue or arise in India--Double taxation avoidance--Assessee providing various hotel related services to hotels across the world--Assessee having no permanent establishment in India--Payments received not royalty or fees for technical services-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Sheraton International Inc. (Delhi) . . . 457

Art. 12(3) --Non-resident--Royalty--Payment from re-sellers on sale of shrink wrap software--Not royalty but business income--Non-resident not having permanent establishment in India--Income not assessable in India-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Solid Works Corporation (Mumbai) . . . 510

Income-tax Act, 1961 :

S. 2(22)(e) --Company--Dividend--Deemed dividend--Advance to shareholder--Advance to company in which shareholder had substantial interest--Section 2(22)(e) not applicable--Amount not assessable as deemed dividend-- Asst. CIT v. Color Crafts P. Ltd. (Chandigarh) . . . 419

S. 9 --Non-resident--Royalty--Payment from re-sellers on sale of shrink wrap software--Not royalty but business income--Non-resident not having permanent establishment in India--Income not assessable in India-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Solid Works Corporation (Mumbai) . . . 510

S. 9(1)(vii), Explanation 2 --Non-resident--Income deemed to accrue or arise in India--Double taxation avoidance--Assessee providing various hotel related services to hotels across the world--Assessee having no permanent establishment in India--Payments received not royalty or fees for technical services-- Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) v. Sheraton International Inc. (Delhi) . . . 457

S. 32 --Depreciation--Assets given on financial lease--Assessing Officer to determine nature of lease--Different yardstick cannot be adopted for allowing depreciation and taxing lease rent--Matter remanded-- Dy. CIT v. Bax Global India P. Ltd. (Delhi) . . . 414

----Business expenditure--Capital or revenue expenditure--Assessee running tutorial institution--Purchase of books for use by students for professional entrance examinations--Is capital expenditure--Depreciation to be allowed at 60 per cent.-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

S. 37 --Business expenditure--Capital or revenue expenditure--Assessee running tutorial institution--Purchase of books for use by students for professional entrance examinations--Is capital expenditure--Depreciation to be allowed at 60 per cent.-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

S. 40A(3) --Business expenditure--Disallowance--Payments in cash exceeding specified limit--Finding that single transactions made to appear as multiple transactions--Payments to be disallowed-- Brilliant Study Centre v. Asst. CIT (Cochin) . . . 394

S. 41(1) --Business income--Remission or cessation of trading liability--Addition--Unclaimed liabilities--No record of any remission or cessation of trading liability--Addition to be deleted-- Dy. CIT v. Bax Global India P. Ltd. (Delhi) . . . 414

----Income--Business income--Remission of liability--Bank--Amount transferred from inter-branch transaction blocked accounts to reserves through profit and loss account--Transfer permitted by Reserve Bank of India subject to conditions that claim in respect of entries should be honoured and amount should not be used for declaration of dividends--Amount not of revenue nature to begin with--Amount not assessable under section 41(1)-- Punjab National Bank v. Addl. CIT (Delhi) . . . 462

S. 43(5) --Loss--Set off--Loss on share transactions--Actual delivery received by agent of assessee--Loss not speculation loss--Commissioner (Appeals) allowing set off of loss against other heads of income--Justified-- Dy. CIT v. Dr. S. Thilagavathy (Chennai) . . . 506

S. 50C --Capital gains--Computation--Sale of land--Valuation by stamp valuation authority applied--Fair market value lower than value adopted by stamp duty authority--Direction to adopt fair market value--Justified-- ITO v. Gita Roy (Kolkata) . . . 431

S. 68 --Cash credits--Assessee producing details and creditor confirming loan granted to assessee--Addition to be deleted-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

S. 263 --Revision--Powers of Commissioner--No tax effect--Order cannot be revised-- Punjab Wool Syndicate v. ITO (Chandigarh) . . . 439

Income-tax Rules, 1962 :

R. 46A --Appeal--Additional evidence--Commissioner (Appeals) admitting new evidence after considering facts and circumstances of case in entirety and validly--Justified-- ITO v. Bhagwan Dass (Chandigarh) . . . 446

Monday, July 22, 2013

ITR (TRIB) Volume 17 : Part 3 (Issue dated : 23-07-2012)

ITR'S TRIBUNAL TAX REPORTS (ITR (TRIB))
Volume 17 : Part 3 (Issue dated : 23-07-2012)

SUBJECT INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Accounting --Valuation of stock--Books of account maintained regularly--Valuation of closing stock on basis of method followed in past accepted by income-tax authorities--Addition on ground that valuation was not proper--Not justified--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

Business expenditure --Claim on account of breakage--Explanation regarding claim reasonable--Entire amount deductible--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 37-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

----Deduction of tax at source--Disallowance of expenditure--Non-deduction of tax at source on payments for freight, agency charges and crane charges etc.--Finding that tax was not deductible on payments--Expenditure cannot be disallowed--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 37, 40(a)(ia)-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

----Disallowance--Failure to deduct tax at source--Reimbursement of cost to group concern--Deduction of tax at source not required--Disallowance of expenditure not justified--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 40(a)(ia)-- Bayer Material Science P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 275

----Wages and bonus--No defect in accounts--Ad hoc disallowance of part of expenditure--Not justified--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Deputy CIT v. Octave Apparels (Chandigarh) . . . 307

Company --Dividend--Deemed dividend--Advance to shareholder--Advance to assessee which held 1.07 per cent. of shares in company--Not to be assessed as deemed dividend--Partners of assessee-firm holding more than 10 per cent. shareholding in company--Not relevant--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 2(22)-- Deputy CIT v. Octave Apparels (Chandigarh) . . . 307

Depreciation --Depreciation claimed in accordance with Income-tax Rules--Deductible--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 32--Income-tax Rules, 1962-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

International transactions --Arm’s length price--Determination--Transfer Pricing Officer--Must record reasons for rejecting method adopted by assessee--Rejection without stating reasons--Assessing Officer not following any of prescribed methods to determine arm’s length price--Transactional net margin method--Mean percentage of certain type of expenditure not arm’s length price--Not transactional net margin method--Order not sustainable--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92CA-- Assistant CIT v. Genom Biotech P. Ltd. (Mumbai) . . . 260

----Determination of arm’s length price--Assessee having trading and indenting activities--No proper figures regarding indenting activities--Determination of arm’s length price after considering comparable cases--Justified--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92CA-- Bayer Material Science P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 275

Non-resident --Double taxation avoidance--Fees for technical services--Fees for designing management tool termed balance score card--Balance score card enabled clients in India to implement business strategies more effectively--Amount received for development of balance score cards--Fees for technical services--Assessable in India--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 9--Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and Singapore, art. 12-- Organisation Development Pte. Ltd. v. Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 341

Penalty --Concealment of income--Claim for deduction of fees paid for raising authorised capital--Expenditure prima facie inadmissible--No evidence that claim was bona fide--Levy of penalty justified--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 271(1)(c)-- Chadha Sugars P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 316

Reassessment --Notice--Income escaping assessment--Reassessment on factually incorrect reasons--Assessing Officer must apply his mind--Reassessment not valid--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 147, 148-- Mahadev Trading Co. v. ITO (Ahmedabad) . . . 332

Revision --Commissioner--Erroneous and prejudicial to interests of Revenue--Two conditions precedent--Income from investment in shares treated as capital gains--Order passed applying mind and taking a view tenable in law--Cannot be revised only because prejudicial to interests of Revenue--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 263-- Manish Kumar v. CIT (Indore) . . . 324

----Commissioner--
Jurisdiction--Capital gains--Sale of substantial shareholding in company by assessee--Original agreement showing part consideration as non-compete consideration--Direction of SEBI to acquirers to make public offer at consolidated price--Agreement revised to show single consolidated price without mention of non-compete fee--Valid--Profits from sale of shares brought to tax as capital gains--Proper--Assessing Officer failure to conduct enquiry not stated as ground for revision--No material to show agreement was colourable device--Revision to tax sum originally shown as non-compete consideration as business income--Not proper--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 28(va), 263-- Hulas Rahul Gupta v. CIT (Delhi) . . . 366

----Limitation--Revision of order of reassessment--Limitation starts from date of order of reassessment--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 263-- Pentamedia Graphics Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 302

----Powers of Commissioner--Order passed by Assessing Officer under direction of Tribunal--Can be revised--Excess depreciation allowed--Order to recompute depreciation--Justified--Commissioner has power to remand matter to Assessing Officer--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 263-- Pentamedia Graphics Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 302

Words and phrases --†Prejudicial to interests of Revenue†-- Manish Kumar v. CIT (Indore) . . . 324

SECTIONWISE INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and Singapore :

Art. 12 --Non-resident--Double taxation avoidance--Fees for technical services--Fees for designing management tool termed balance score card--Balance score card enabled clients in India to implement business strategies more effectively--Amount received for development of balance score cards--Fees for technical services--Assessable in India-- Organisation Development Pte. Ltd. v. Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 341

Income-tax Act, 1961 :

S. 2(22) --Company--Dividend--Deemed dividend--Advance to shareholder--Advance to assessee which held 1.07 per cent. of shares in company--Not to be assessed as deemed dividend--Partners of assessee-firm holding more than 10 per cent. shareholding in company--Not relevant-- Deputy CIT v. Octave Apparels (Chandigarh) . . . 307

S. 9 --Non-resident--Double taxation avoidance--Fees for technical services--Fees for designing management tool termed balance score card--Balance score card enabled clients in India to implement business strategies more effectively--Amount received for development of balance score cards--Fees for technical services--Assessable in India-- Organisation Development Pte. Ltd. v. Deputy Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 341

S. 28(va) --Revision--Commissioner--Jurisdiction--Capital gains--Sale of substantial shareholding in company by assessee--Original agreement showing part consideration as non-compete consideration--Direction of SEBI to acquirers to make public offer at consolidated price--Agreement revised to show single consolidated price without mention of non-compete fee--Valid--Profits from sale of shares brought to tax as capital gains--Proper--Assessing Officer failure to conduct enquiry not stated as ground for revision--No material to show agreement was colourable device--Revision to tax sum originally shown as non-compete consideration as business income--Not proper-- Hulas Rahul Gupta v. CIT (Delhi) . . . 366

S. 32 --Depreciation--Depreciation claimed in accordance with Income-tax Rules--Deductible-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

S. 37 --Business expenditure--Claim on account of breakage--Explanation regarding claim reasonable--Entire amount deductible-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

----Business expenditure--Deduction of tax at source--Disallowance of expenditure--Non-deduction of tax at source on payments for freight, agency charges and crane charges etc.--Finding that tax was not deductible on payments--Expenditure cannot be disallowed-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

S. 40(a)(ia) --Business expenditure--Deduction of tax at source--Disallowance of expenditure--Non-deduction of tax at source on payments for freight, agency charges and crane charges etc.--Finding that tax was not deductible on payments--Expenditure cannot be disallowed-- Assistant CIT v. Seaward Exports P. Ltd. (Jaipur) . . . 353

----Business expenditure--Disallowance--Failure to deduct tax at source--Reimbursement of cost to group concern--Deduction of tax at source not required--Disallowance of expenditure not justified-- Bayer Material Science P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 275

S. 92CA --International transactions--Arm’s length price--Determination--Transfer Pricing Officer--Must record reasons for rejecting method adopted by assessee--Rejection without stating reasons--Assessing Officer not following any of prescribed methods to determine arm’s length price--Transactional net margin method--Mean percentage of certain type of expenditure not arm’s length price--Not transactional net margin method --Order not sustainable-- Assistant CIT v. Genom Biotech P. Ltd. (Mumbai) . . . 260

----International transactions--Determination of arm’s length price--Assessee having trading and indenting activities--No proper figures regarding indenting activities--Determination of arm’s length price after considering comparable cases--Justified -- Bayer Material Science P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 275

S. 147 --Reassessment--Notice--Income escaping assessment--Reassessment on factually incorrect reasons--Assessing Officer must apply his mind--Reassessment not valid-- Mahadev Trading Co. v. ITO (Ahmedabad) . . . 332

S. 148 --Reassessment--Notice--Income escaping assessment--Reassessment on factually incorrect reasons--Assessing Officer must apply his mind--Reassessment not valid-- Mahadev Trading Co. v. ITO (Ahmedabad) . . . 332

S. 263 --Revision--Commissioner--Erroneous and prejudicial to interests of Revenue--Two conditions precedent--Income from investment in shares treated as capital gains--Order passed applying mind and taking a view tenable in law--Cannot be revised only because prejudicial to interests of Revenue-- Manish Kumar v. CIT (Indore) . . . 324

----Revision--Commissioner--Jurisdiction--Capital gains--Sale of substantial shareholding in company by assessee--Original agreement showing part consideration as non-compete consideration--Direction of SEBI to acquirers to make public offer at consolidated price--Agreement revised to show single consolidated price without mention of non-compete fee--Valid--Profits from sale of shares brought to tax as capital gains--Proper--Assessing Officer failure to conduct enquiry not stated as ground for revision--No material to show agreement was colourable device--Revision to tax sum originally shown as non-compete consideration as business income--Not proper-- Hulas Rahul Gupta v. CIT (Delhi) . . . 366

----Revision--Limitation--Revision of order of reassessment--Limitation starts from date of order of reassessment-- Pentamedia Graphics Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 302

----Revision--Powers of Commissioner--Order passed by Assessing Officer under direction of Tribunal--Can be revised--Excess depreciation allowed--Order to recompute depreciation--Justified--Commissioner has power to remand matter to Assessing Officer-- Pentamedia Graphics Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 302

S. 271(1)(c) --Penalty--Concealment of income--Claim for deduction of fees paid for raising authorised capital--Expenditure prima facie inadmissible--No evidence that claim was bona fide--Levy of penalty justified-- Chadha Sugars P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 316

Sunday, July 21, 2013

ITR (TRIB) Volume 17 : Part 2 (Issue dated : 16-07-2012)

ITR'S TRIBUNAL TAX REPORTS (ITR (TRIB))
Volume 17 : Part 2 (Issue dated : 16-07-2012)

SUBJECT INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Agricultural income --Fact of ownership of agricultural land not disputed--Claim for deduction of expenses for agriculture allowed--No evidence that agricultural operations were not performed--Income was agricultural--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 10(1)-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

----Rose plants grown in green house--Mother plants grown in agricultural land using human labour --Income from rose flowers exempt as agricultural income--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 2(1), 10(1)--Circular No. 1, dated 27-3-2009-- CIT (Dy.) v. Best Roses Biotech P. Ltd. (Ahmedabad) . . . 211

Appeal to Appellate Tribunal --Powers of Tribunal--Power to admit additional ground of appeal--Question regarding limitation can be raised for first time before Tribunal--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Crompton Creaves Ltd. v. Dy. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 151

Business expenditure --Expenditure for purpose prohibited by law--Assessee exporting rice to Iraq under oil for food programme of United Nations--Paying commission to company for services in connection with export from procurement to final realisation of proceeds--Report by U. N. committee probing irregularities that company to which assessee paid commission was front company for Iraqi regime and payment used as kickback--Payment to Iraqi regime by agent not under assessee’s control--No denial that services rendered--No material to show assessee knew and was part of scheme to pay kickbacks to Iraqi regime--Payment deductible--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 37, Expln. -- CIT (Dy.) v. Rajrani Exports P. Ltd. (Kolkata) . . . 239

Cash credits --Amounts repaid by debtors--Debtors not denying transaction--Amount not includible in assessee’s total income--Amount claimed to be advanced by sister--No evidence of such advance--Amount includible in total income of assessee--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 68-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

Company --Book profits--Computation--Minimum alternate tax--Deduction from net profit on account of foreign exchange fluctuation--No adjustment available except as provided in Explanation --Reduction of amount while computing book profit--Not permissible--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 115JB-- City Gold Media Ltd. v. ITO (Ahmedabad) . . . 192

Deduction of tax at source --Payment to non-resident--Failure to deduct tax at source--No assessment proceedings against non-resident for four years--Assessee cannot be treated as assessee in default under section 201--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 195, 201-- Crompton Creaves Ltd. v. Dy. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 151

Heads of income --Capital gains or business income--Proprietary concern of assessee taken over by company as going concern--Consideration for transfer is taxable as long-term capital gains--Assessee employed by company on salary and other terms of employment--Not a case of compensation for not engaging in similar business--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 28(va), 50B-- CIT (Asst.) v. Sangeeta Wij (Smt.) (Delhi) . . . 162

Income --Computation of income--Disallowance of expenditure relating to non-taxable income from firm--Borrowed amount invested as capital of firm--Interest relating to share of profit to be disallowed--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 14A-- CIT (Asst.) v. Vinay Singal (Chandigarh) . . . 146

Penalty --Concealment of income--Capital gains--Claim for exemption--Investment of net consideration in residential property--Shortfall in amount invested due to wrong advice by counsel--No concealment of income--Penalty cannot be imposed --Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 54, 271(1)(c)-- Majorjit Singh v. Asst. CIT (Chandigarh) . . . 183

----Failure to respond to notice under section 143(1) and (2)--Bona fide belief that income was non-taxable--Not reasonable explanation--Penalty imposable--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 271(1)(b)-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

Rectification of mistakes --Depreciation--Withdrawal of deprecation on ground of non-user--Question debatable--Depreciation cannot be withdrawn in rectification proceedings--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 32, 154-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

Revision --Commissioner--Reassessment--
Financial charges paid on funds borrowed for purchase of property--Part of closing stock--No finding that Assessing Officer applied his mind to facts of case--Direction to Assessing Officer to examine issue--Proper--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 263-- Devi Developers P. Ltd. v. CIT (Delhi) . . . 187

Transfer pricing --Depreciation--Method of computing depreciation--No difference in result as a result of applying any of methods--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92C-- Lason India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 203

----Draft assessment order incorporating proposals of Transfer Pricing Officer--Draft assessment order erroneously termed final order--Assessing Officer has power to issue corrigendum to correct error--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 144C-- Lason India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 203

Unexplained expenditure --Addition based on statement of director recorded by Central excise authorities--Addition not supported by evidence--Addition not justified --Additions under section 69C set aside by Tribunal in assessment year 2004-05--No new facts in assessment year 2008-09--Addition not valid--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 69C -- ITO v. Arora Alloys Ltd. (Chandigarh) . . . 133

SECTIONWISE INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Income-tax Act, 1961 :

S. 2(1) --Agricultural income--Rose plants grown in green house--Mother plants grown in agricultural land using human labour --Income from rose flowers exempt as agricultural income--Circular No. 1, dated 27-3-2009-- Deputy CIT v. Best Roses Biotech P. Ltd. (Ahmedabad) . . . 211

S. 10(1) --Agricultural income--Fact of ownership of agricultural land not disputed--Claim for deduction of expenses for agriculture allowed--No evidence that agricultural operations were not performed--Income was agricultural-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

----Agricultural income--Rose plants grown in green house--Mother plants grown in agricultural land using human labour --Income from rose flowers exempt as agricultural income--Circular No. 1, dated 27-3-2009-- Deputy CIT v. Best Roses Biotech P. Ltd. (Ahmedabad) . . . 211

S. 14A --Income--Computation of income--Disallowance of expenditure relating to non-taxable income from firm--Borrowed amount invested as capital of firm--Interest relating to share of profit to be disallowed-- Asst. CIT v. Vinay Singal (Chandigarh) . . . 146

S. 28(va) --Heads of income--Capital gains or business income--Proprietary concern of assessee taken over by company as going concern--Consideration for transfer is taxable as long-term capital gains--Assessee employed by company on salary and other terms of employment--Not a case of compensation for not engaging in similar business-- Asst. CIT v. Sangeeta Wij (Smt.) (Delhi) . . . 162

S. 32 --Rectification of mistakes--Depreciation--Withdrawal of deprecation on ground of non-user--Question debatable--Depreciation cannot be withdrawn in rectification proceedings-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

S. 37, Expln .-- Business expenditure--Expenditure for purpose prohibited by law--Assessee exporting rice to Iraq under oil for food programme of United Nations--Paying commission to company for services in connection with export from procurement to final realisation of proceeds--Report by U. N. committee probing irregularities that company to which assessee paid commission was front company for Iraqi regime and payment used as kickback--Payment to Iraqi regime by agent not under assessee’s control--No denial that services rendered--No material to show assessee knew and was part of scheme to pay kickbacks to Iraqi regime--Payment deductible-- Deputy CIT v. Rajrani Exports P. Ltd. (Kolkata) . . . 239

S. 50B --Heads of income--Capital gains or business income--Proprietary concern of assessee taken over by company as going concern--Consideration for transfer is taxable as long-term capital gains--Assessee employed by company on salary and other terms of employment--Not a case of compensation for not engaging in similar business-- Asst. CIT v. Sangeeta Wij (Smt.) (Delhi) . . . 162

S. 54 --Penalty--Concealment of income--Capital gains--Claim for exemption--Investment of net consideration in residential property--Shortfall in amount invested due to wrong advice by counsel--No concealment of income--Penalty cannot be imposed-- Majorjit Singh v. Asst. CIT (Chandigarh) . . . 183

S. 68 --Cash credits--Amounts repaid by debtors--Debtors not denying transaction--Amount not includible in assessee’s total income--Amount claimed to be advanced by sister--No evidence of such advance--Amount includible in total income of assessee-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

S. 69C --Unexplained expenditure--Addition based on statement of director recorded by Central excise authorities--Addition not supported by evidence--Addition not justified--Additions under section 69C set aside by Tribunal in assessment year 2004-05--No new facts in assessment year 2008-09--Addition not valid-- ITO v. Arora Alloys Ltd. (Chandigarh) . . . 133

S. 92C --Transfer pricing--Depreciation--Method of computing depreciation--No difference in result as a result of applying any of methods-- Lason India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 203

S. 115JB --Company--Book profits--Computation--Minimum alternate tax--Deduction from net profit on account of foreign exchange fluctuation--No adjustment available except as provided in Explanation --Reduction of amount while computing book profit--Not permissible-- City Gold Media Ltd. v. ITO (Ahmedabad) . . . 192

S. 144C --Transfer pricing--Draft assessment order incorporating proposals of Transfer Pricing Officer--Draft assessment order erroneously termed final order--Assessing Officer has power to issue corrigendum to correct error-- Lason India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 203

S. 154 --Rectification of mistakes--Depreciation--Withdrawal of deprecation on ground of non-user--Question debatable--Depreciation cannot be withdrawn in rectification proceedings-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

S. 195 --Deduction of tax at source--Payment to non-resident--Failure to deduct tax at source--No assessment proceedings against non-resident for four years--Assessee cannot be treated as assessee in default under section 201-- Crompton Creaves Ltd. v. Deputy CIT (Mumbai) . . . 151

S. 201 --Deduction of tax at source--Payment to non-resident--Failure to deduct tax at source--No assessment proceedings against non-resident for four years--Assessee cannot be treated as assessee in default under section 201-- Crompton Creaves Ltd. v. Deputy CIT (Mumbai) . . . 151

S. 263 --Revision--Commissioner--Reassessment--Financial charges paid on funds borrowed for purchase of property--Part of closing stock--No finding that Assessing Officer applied his mind to facts of case--Direction to Assessing Officer to examine issue--Proper-- Devi Developers P. Ltd. v. CIT (Delhi) . . . 187

S. 271(1)(b) --Penalty--Failure to respond to notice under section 143(1) and (2)--Bona fide belief that income was non-taxable--Not reasonable explanation--Penalty imposable-- Thangamani Vinodhagan v. Asst. CIT (Chennai) . . . 230

S. 271(1)(c) --Penalty--Concealment of income--Capital gains--Claim for exemption--Investment of net consideration in residential property--Shortfall in amount invested due to wrong advice by counsel--No concealment of income--Penalty cannot be imposed-- Majorjit Singh v. Asst. CIT (Chandigarh) . . . 183

ITR (Trib) HIGHLIGHTS (Online edition)

APPELLATE TRIBUNAL ORDERS

-->  Where non-resident not having PE in India, payment to non-resident outside India of advertisement expenditure in foreign currency not liable to tax : Sandoz P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) p. 100

-->  Interest on borrowed capital allowable as business expenditure : Sandoz P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) p. 100

-->  Method of accounting : Where closing stock increased on account of unutilised Modvat credit, corresponding opening stock of that year should also be increased : Sandoz P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) p. 100


    PRINT EDITION


    APPELLATE TRIBUNAL ORDERS

-->  Where non-resident company engaging consultants on retainership basis for its projects in India, such persons not eligible for retirement or superannuation or gratuity benefits, FBT not attracted : Joshi Technologies International Inc. v. Asst. DIT (International Taxation) (Ahd) p. 170

-->  Companies which have suffered merger or demerger, impacting financial results, those having supernormal profit, those functionally dissimilar, those acting as intermediary having outsourced their activity, those whose directors involved in fraud, those whose turnover exceeding Rs.200 crores not to be treated as comparables : Capital IQ Information Systems (India) P. Ltd. v. Dy. CIT (International Taxation) (Hyd.) p. 185

-->  International transactions : ALP : Foreign exchange fluctuation cannot be excluded in reckoning operating margin : Capital IQ Information Systems (India) P. Ltd. v. Dy. CIT (International Taxation) (Hyd.) p. 185

-->  Charitable purpose : Where building belonging to society and benefit going to society not managing trustee, no violation of section 13 : Shri Amol Chand Varshney Sewa Sansthan v. Addl. CIT (Agra) p. 211

-->  Exemption : Contributions to Lions Club : Lions Club is a social club, not social organisation to undertake social work as envisaged in study curriculum, exemption not allowable u/s. 10(23C)(iiiab) : Ganapathy Educational Trust v. Asst. DIT (Exemption) (Chennai) p. 231

-->  International transactions : Payment of royalty and technical fee to AE pursuant to deemed approval by RBI under automatic approval scheme, ALP cannot be computed at nil : ThyssenKrupp Industries India P. Ltd. v. Addl. CIT (Mumbai) p. 243

-->  Search and seizure : Matters finalised in proceedings following income-tax survey not to be considered in block assessment : Heatshrink Technologies Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Mumbai) p. 269

-->  Search and seizure : Losses of block period from unaccounted transactions can be set off : Heatshrink Technologies Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Mumbai) p. 269

Tuesday, July 9, 2013

High courts can't reappraise evidence: SC

 
High courts can't reappraise evidence: SC


High courts cannot reappraise evidence to determine whether a criminal charge is made out or not, as the power is vested only with the trial court, the Supreme Court has ruled.

A bench of justices Swatanter Kumar and Ranjana Prakash Desai said it is for the trial court to decide whether prima facie the case is made out for framing of the charges and the high courts cannot interfere with such decisions.

"The high court has in its revisional jurisdiction appraised the evidence which it could not have done. It is the trial court which has to decide whether evidence on record is sufficient to make out a prima facie case against the accused so as to frame charge against him.

"Pertinently, even the trial court cannot conduct roving and fishing inquiry into the evidence. It has only to consider whether evidence collected by the prosecution discloses prima facie case against the accused or not," the apex court said.

It passed the ruling while upholding the appeal filed by one Ashish Chadha challenging a Himachal Pradesh High Court judgement setting aside the criminal charges framed by the special court, Chamba against former MLA Asha Kumari and her husband Brijender Singh.

Though the special court had framed charges of criminal conspiracy, cheating and grabbing of government land, against the accused, the high court set aside the charges framed and also transferred the trial to the special court, Kangra on an application moved by the the ex-legislator.

The apex court said such a transfer has a demoralising effect on the trial courts as it can be done only in cases where there is concrete material that the trial cannot be held in a fair and free manner.

The apex court regretted that the high court interfered in the matter and formed a prima facie opinion by going through the entries in the records and virtually acquitted the accused.

"The high court unnecessarily observed that the charge is vague. It overstepped its revisional jurisdiction. In our opinion, whether revenue entries concerned are genuine or not will also have to be decided by the trial court after perusing the evidence led by the parties," the bench said.

According to the apex court, a prima facie opinion of the high court in such a strongly worded language is likely to influence the trial court.

"By expressing opinion on merits of the case, the high court almost decided the matter in favour of respondent no. 1 thus frustrating the remand and virtually acquitting respondent no. 1.

"The high court, therefore, should not have transferred the case to the special judge, Kangra. Needless to say that such transfers ordered merely on the say-so of a party have a demoralising effect on the trial courts.

"Unless a very strong case based on concrete material is made out, such transfers should not be ordered," the apex court said, while restoring the trial judge's order framing the charges.

However, the court said the trial shall not be influenced by any of the observations made by it in the present case.

Sunday, July 7, 2013

ITR (TRIB) Volume 17 : Part 1

ITR'S TRIBUNAL TAX REPORTS (ITR (TRIB))
Volume 17 : Part 1 (Issue dated : 9-07-2012)

SUBJECT INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Advance tax --Interest--Tax deducted at source to be taken into account--Matter remanded for recomputation--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 234A, 234B-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Capital gains --Exemption--Investment of consideration in specified bonds within six months of transfer--Receipt of consideration in subsequent years and investment within six months of receipt--Exemption allowable--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 54EC-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

----Exemption--Investment of proceeds in agricultural land--No material to show land was put to other use--That assessee had ventured into real estate business--Not ground to infer land would be put to non-agricultural use--Exemption not to be denied --Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 54B-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

----Transfer--Date of transfer--Agreement between assessee and builders for development of land--Agreement registered in later year--Transfer took place on date of agreement--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 2(47), 45(3)-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

Depreciation --Rate of depreciation--Computer accessories--To be allowed at 60 per cent.--Income-tax Act, 1961-- Cushman and Wakefield India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 48

Interest on excess refund --Provision not applicable for assessment year 2003-04--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 234D-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

International transactions --Arm’s length price--Determination--Transfer pricing study--Transactional net margin method --Rejection of comparables selected by assessee without mentioning how they were not functionally comparable and without considering assessee’s objections--Selection by Transfer Pricing Officer of companies not engaged in similar business--Companies selected by him not functionally comparable--Arm’s length price determined by assessee not liable to adjustment--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92C--Income-tax Rules, 1962, r. 10B(2)-- Carlyle India Advisors P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 24

----Arm’s length price--Expenditure cannot be disallowed merely because in opinion of Transfer Pricing Officer it was unnecessary--Amended formula brought for first time before Tribunal--Reasonableness to be determined by authorities below--Matter remanded--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92CA-- Ericsson India Private Ltd. v. Deputy CIT (Delhi) . . . 79

----Arm’s length price--Reimbursement of expenses to associate enterprises--Addition on ground that services not intra-group services and no remuneration paid--Assessee furnishing details of expenses paid of work done--Addition to be deleted--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92CA-- Cushman and Wakefield India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 48

----Transfer pricing--Arm’s length price--Referral fee--Reference to Transfer Pricing Officer--Finding of Transfer Pricing Officer that transaction at arm’s length price--Assessing Officer has no jurisdiction to re-determine and make addition--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 92CA(4)--CBDT Circular No. 3 dated 12-3-2008-- Cushman and Wakefield India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 48

Non-resident --Taxability in India--Non-resident awarded contract but assigning it to Indian subsidiary--Subsidiary lacking technical expertise and resources and non-resident providing co-ordinating and facilitating services--Payments by Indian subsidiary corresponding to invoices--Cost allocation not explained--Element of profit not ruled out--Non-resident taxable on payments as fees for technical services--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 9(1)(vii)--Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and the Netherlands, arts. 5, 12(5)(b)-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Reassessment --Income escaping assessment--Original assessment done by mere processing of intimation--Facts cumbersome and complicated--Reopening of assessment proper--Income-tax Act, 1961, ss. 143(1), 147, 148-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Search and seizure --Block assessment--Limitation--Date from which reckoned--“Last of panchnamas†, meaning of--Last of panchnamas in respect of any of warrants of authorisation not necessarily in respect of last warrant of authorisation--Requirements of panchnama--Panchnama not recording any search or statement but mere formality for lifting prohibitory order--Not panchnama from which time limit of assessment to be reckoned--Income-tax Act, 1961, s. 158BE, Expln. 2 -- CIT (Asst.) v. Shree Ram Lime Products Ltd. [SB] (Jodhpur) . . . 1

SECTIONWISE INDEX TO CASES REPORTED IN THIS PART

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between India and the Netherlands :

Art. 5 --Non-resident--Taxability in India--Non-resident awarded contract but assigning it to Indian subsidiary--Subsidiary lacking technical expertise and resources and non-resident providing co-ordinating and facilitating services--Payments by Indian subsidiary corresponding to invoices--Cost allocation not explained--Element of profit not ruled out--Non-resident taxable on payments as fees for technical services-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Art. 12(5)(b) --Non-resident--Taxability in India--Non-resident awarded contract but assigning it to Indian subsidiary--Subsidiary lacking technical expertise and resources and non-resident providing co-ordinating and facilitating services--Payments by Indian subsidiary corresponding to invoices--Cost allocation not explained--Element of profit not ruled out--Non-resident taxable on payments as fees for technical services-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Income-tax Act, 1961 :

S. 2(47) --Capital gains--Transfer--Date of transfer--Agreement between assessee and builders for development of land--Agreement registered in later year--Transfer took place on date of agreement-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

S. 9(1)(vii) --Non-resident--Taxability in India--Non-resident awarded contract but assigning it to Indian subsidiary--Subsidiary lacking technical expertise and resources and non-resident providing co-ordinating and facilitating services--Payments by Indian subsidiary corresponding to invoices--Cost allocation not explained--Element of profit not ruled out--Non-resident taxable on payments as fees for technical services-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 45(3) --Capital gains--Transfer--Date of transfer--Agreement between assessee and builders for development of land--Agreement registered in later year--Transfer took place on date of agreement-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

S. 54B --Capital gains--Exemption--Investment of proceeds in agricultural land--No material to show land was put to other use--That assessee had ventured into real estate business--Not ground to infer land would be put to non-agricultural use--Exemption not to be denied-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

S. 54EC --Capital gains--Exemption--Investment of consideration in specified bonds within six months of transfer--Receipt of consideration in subsequent years and investment within six months of receipt--Exemption allowable-- Mahesh Nemichandra Ganeshwade v. ITO (Pune) . . . 116

S. 92C --International transactions--Arm’s length price--Determination--Transfer pricing study--Transactional net margin method --Rejection of comparables selected by assessee without mentioning how they were not functionally comparable and without considering assessee’s objections--Selection by Transfer Pricing Officer of companies not engaged in similar business--Companies selected by him not functionally comparable--Arm’s length price determined by assessee not liable to adjustment-- Carlyle India Advisors P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 24

S. 92CA --International transactions--Arm’s length price--Expenditure cannot be disallowed merely because in opinion of Transfer Pricing Officer it was unnecessary--Amended formula brought for first time before Tribunal--Reasonableness to be determined by authorities below--Matter remanded-- Ericsson India Private Ltd. v. Deputy CIT (Delhi) . . . 79

----International transactions--Arm’s length price--Reimbursement of expenses to associate enterprises--Addition on ground that services not intra-group services and no remuneration paid--Assessee furnishing details of expenses paid of work done--Addition to be deleted-- Cushman and Wakefield India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 48

S. 92CA(4) --International transactions--Transfer pricing--Arm’s length price--Referral fee--Reference to Transfer Pricing Officer--Finding of Transfer Pricing Officer that transaction at arm’s length price--Assessing Officer has no jurisdiction to re-determine and make addition--CBDT Circular No. 3 dated 12-3-2008-- Cushman and Wakefield India P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Delhi) . . . 48

S. 143(1) --Reassessment--Income escaping assessment--Original assessment done by mere processing of intimation--Facts cumbersome and complicated--Reopening of assessment proper-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 147 --Reassessment--Income escaping assessment--Original assessment done by mere processing of intimation--Facts cumbersome and complicated--Reopening of assessment proper-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 148 --Reassessment--Income escaping assessment--Original assessment done by mere processing of intimation--Facts cumbersome and complicated--Reopening of assessment proper-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 158BE, Expln. 2 --Search and seizure--Block assessment--Limitation--Date from which reckoned--“Last of panchnamas†, meaning of--Last of panchnamas in respect of any of warrants of authorisation not necessarily in respect of last warrant of authorisation--Requirements of panchnama--Panchnama not recording any search or statement but mere formality for lifting prohibitory order--Not panchnama from which time limit of assessment to be reckoned-- Asst. CIT v. Shree Ram Lime Products Ltd. [SB] (Jodhpur) . . . 1

S. 234A --Advance tax--Interest--Tax deducted at source to be taken into account--Matter remanded for recomputation-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 234B --Advance tax--Interest--Tax deducted at source to be taken into account--Matter remanded for recomputation-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

S. 234D --Interest on excess refund--Provision not applicable for assessment year 2003-04-- Van Oord ACZ Marine Contractors BV v. Assistant Director of Income-tax (International Taxation) (Chennai) . . . 103

Income-tax Rules, 1962 :

R. 10B(2) --International transactions--Arm’s length price--Determination--Transfer pricing study--Transactional net margin method --Rejection of comparables selected by assessee without mentioning how they were not functionally comparable and without considering assessee’s objections--Selection by Transfer Pricing Officer of companies not engaged in similar business--Companies selected by him not functionally comparable--Arm’s length price determined by assessee not liable to adjustment-- Carlyle India Advisors P. Ltd. v. Asst. CIT (Mumbai) . . . 24